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Risk perception, barriers to testing and final model of factors independently associated with late presentation at HIV diagnosis in Venezuela, Carabobo State. |
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| Late presenters |
Total |
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|
|
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| n |
% |
n |
OR* (95%CI) |
P-value |
|
|
|
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| PERCEPTION OF RISK |
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| Felt at risk of HIV infection (asked directly)b |
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| No |
26 |
41.9 |
62 |
1 |
- |
| Yes |
25 |
37.3 |
67 |
0.83 (0.39–1.79) |
0.638 |
| No perception of risk (mentioned as barrier)b (n = 122) |
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| Not mentioned |
36 |
35.0 |
103 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
12 |
63.2 |
19 |
4.33 (1.40–13.33) |
0.011 |
| Health-seeking behaviour when felt at riskb,† (n = 65) |
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| No health-seeking behaviour |
14 |
45.2 |
31 |
1 |
- |
| Protect oneself or seek advice family/friends/partner |
6 |
37.5 |
16 |
0.52 (0.13–2.05) |
0.347 |
| Seek advice health centre/CAI |
3 |
16.7 |
18 |
0.19 (0.04–0.88) |
0.034 |
| BARRIERS TO TESTING |
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| Confidentiality testing siteb,‡ (n = 117) |
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| Not mentioned |
39 |
37.9 |
103 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
8 |
57.1 |
14 |
2.30 (0.71–7.50) |
0.167 |
| Fear for stigmab,§ (n = 125) |
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| Not mentioned |
35 |
37.6 |
93 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
14 |
43.8 |
32 |
1.41 (0.60–3.33) |
0.434 |
| Logistic constraintsb, ** (n = 119) |
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| Not mentioned |
39 |
36.4 |
107 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
8 |
66.7 |
12 |
3.95 (1.05–14.81) |
0.042 |
| Having no signs or symptomsb |
|||||
| Not mentioned |
38 |
33.6 |
113 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
13 |
81.3 |
16 |
4.33 (1.40–13.33) |
0.011 |
| Not-wanting-to-know HIV-statusb (n = 127) |
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| Not mentioned |
36 |
35.0 |
103 |
1 |
- |
| Mentioned |
14 |
58.3 |
24 |
2.53 (0.93–6.86) |
0.069 |
| Distance to CAIa |
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| ≤ 25 km |
71 |
37.0 |
192 |
1 |
- |
| > 25 km |
20 |
60.6 |
33 |
3.15 (1.39–7.14) |
0.006 |
| Final model of factors independently associated with late presentation at HIV diagnosis (n = 123/129) |
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| Factors |
OR†† (95% CI) |
P-value |
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| Age |
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| <30 years |
1 |
- |
|||
| ≥ 30 years |
5.34 (1.70–16.76) |
0.004 |
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| Sexuality |
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| Male heterosexual |
1 |
- |
|||
| Male homosexual |
0.22 (0.05–0.92) |
0.039 |
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| Male bisexual |
2.38 (0.46–12.41) |
0.302 |
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| Female |
0.23 (0.05–1.06) |
0.059 |
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| Perception faithfulness partner |
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| Faithful |
1 |
- |
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| Unfaithful/Doubting faithfulness |
0.078 (0.01–0.56) |
0.011 |
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| Distance to CAI |
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| <25 km |
1 |
- |
|||
| ≥ 25 km |
16.69 (3.02–92.11) |
0.001 |
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|
aData source: patient files (n = 225). bData source: questionnaires (n = 129). Missing values are deducted by subtracting the total of individuals for each variable to the corresponding 225 (a) or 129 (b) patients. If totals are not indicated for a variable, it has no missing values. *Adjusted for age group and sex. †Only those who indicated to feel at risk of HIV infection were included (n = 67). ‡Set as 'mentioned' if: confidentiality test, doubt correctness result, attitude personnel or being seen at site was mentioned or agreed. §Set as 'mentioned' if: fear of loosing partner/family/job/children or fear for rejection was mentioned or agreed. **Set as 'mentioned' if: no time, inconvenient location, no transport money, costs treatment or costs test was mentioned or agreed. ††Adjusted for SES, having an HIV+ partner, total-HIV-knowledge score, testing as part of screening and the other variables in this model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. | |||||
Bonjour et al. AIDS Research and Therapy 2008 5:6 doi:10.1186/1742-6405-5-6 |
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